|
|
|
The Long Waves of Time
Harbingers of the Age of Enlightenment
|
The Encyclopedists
Denis Diderot |
The Philosophers
Voltaire |
The peace of Westphalia (1648) ending the Thirty Years' War heralded the century of France. French philosophers provided the theoretical, philosophical, and legal foundations of the American Revolution of 1776 and the French Revolution of 1789 that stopped the Witch Trials and ended the Burning Times Epoch. The torture was abolished and the burning stakes were extinguished.
The
ideas of
The
Age of Enlightenment
The age of Enlightenment consists of two distinct periods, that of 19th and 20
Centuries. The end of the Age of Enlightenment was
likely presaged by the fall of the
 Typical cover of Verne's books |
Decades preceding the onset of the World War I
mark the time when this epoch reached its apex. It was the time of Jules
Verne (Cinq semaines en ballon, Lle mysterieuse), Alexandre Dumas (Le
comte de Monte Cristo), Victor Hugo (Les misrables), Emile Zola (Nana),
Honore de Balzac (Le Pre Goriot), Stendhal (Le rouge et le noir),
Stphane Mallarm (Un coup de ds jamais n'abolira le hasard), Paul
Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud
Anatole France
 Anatole France (1844-1924). Enhanced reality portrait. |
The period from the time of the
the French Revolution to the onset of the First World War can by characterized,
among countless others, by the writings of Anatole France. The son of a
bookseller, Anatole France (1844-1924) spent most of his life around books. His father's bookstore was
called the 'Librarie de France' and from this name Jacques Anatole François Thibault took his nom-de plume. Anatole
France studied at the Collége Stanislaus and after graduation he helped
his father by working at the Librarie de France bookstore. After several
years he secured the position of a cataloguer at Lemerre, and in 1876 he
was appointed a librarian for the French Senate.
Ironic, skeptical, he was considered in his day the ideal French man of
letters. He was elected to the French Academy in 1896 and was awarded the Nobel
Prize for Literature in 1921. Anatole
France became known after the publication of
Le Crime de Sylvestre Bonnard (1881) where he looked back at the
18th century as a golden age. Its protagonist, skeptical old scholar Sylvester
Bonnard, embodies Anatole France himself. The novel was praised for its elegant
prose and won him a prize from the French Academy. In La Rotisserie de la
Reine Pedauque (1893) Anatole France ridiculed belief in the occult. Among
France's later works are L'Île des Pingouins (1908) where France
satirizes the human nature by transforming penguins into humans - after the
animals have been baptized in error by the nearsighted Abbot Mael.
In Sur la pierre blanche (1905) Anatole France observes:
-
Our knowledge of what the future has in store is in proportion of our acquaintance with the present and the past. Science is prophetic. The more science is accurate, the more can accurate prophesies be drawn from it.
-
The Romans did not suspect that there existed in the world any other than the Roman peace. And yet, an older and vaster one there was, the Chinese peace. The Chinese, on their part, knew the white men. Their annals mention the Emperor Marcus Aurelius. But they were ignorant of the fact that a civilization more seething and violent than their own, as well as more prolific and infinitely more expansive, was spread over one of the faces of the globe of which they covered another face. Then merchants and Christian missionaries established themselves in China, though the Chinese do not send to Paris, Berlin, and St. Petersburg missionaries to teach Christians and to sow disorder in European affairs. However, it is likely that Japan grown to manhood will create a strong China and to teach it to defend itself.
-
One of the strangest facts of history is the conquest of the world by the god of a Syrian tribe, and the victory of Jehovah over all the gods of Rome, Greece, Asia, and Egypt. What is called the triumph of Christianity is more accurately the triumph of Judaism and their God; ferocious, ignorant, most cruel of gods. So it is that the religion of Israel became the religion of the Roman world.
-
The Americanization of the world is on the march. Americans say: "We are the modern Romans." The United States of America, lacking community, traditions, and memory, madly cast into the scramble for the mighty dollar, will be swept with the colonial mania - waging war on other races but to enslave or massacre them.
-
Colonial policy is a form of barbarism. The fundamental principle of the colonial wars is that the colonist is more powerful than the peoples he is fighting. He is to attack with artillery, while the attacked people are to defend themselves with arrows and clubs. It is tolerated that they should procure a few antiquated flint-locks and cartridge-pouches; this aids in rendering colonization more glorious. But in no case it it permissible that they should be armed with modern weapons.
Anatole France's most profound novel is La Revolte des Anges (1914) where Arcade, the guardian angel of Maurice d'Esparvieu, falls in love, joins the revolutionary movement of angels, and toward the end he realizes that the overthrow of God is meaningless unless
"in ourselves and in ourselves alone we attack and destroy Ialdabaoth."
In the 1920s France's writings were put on the index of Libri prohibiti.
The age of enlightenment was secular. Among the writers on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum were