The philosophers of the Graeco-Roman times argued in favor of the sun as the principal deity as follows:

Science, not opinion, is conversant with truth. Intellect knows the intelligible, the eye knows that which is visible. The sun, being neither the eye, nor sight, but the cause of seeing is the supreme God, since it is neither intellect, nor intelligence, but the cause of intellectual perception.

Arguments in the favor of the sun, contrasted with Christian beliefs were along the lines

The blessings of  the sun are bestowed every day not on one family, nor on a single city, but on the whole world. Are you insensible of the splendor that flows from the sun ? Are you  ignorant that summer and winter are produced by it, and that all things are alone vivified and germinate from it? From eternity, every generation of humankind has seen the sun, venerated it, and lived happily. The sun is a living, animated, intellectual, and beneficent image of the intelligible. Yet you worship this Jesus, whom neither you nor your fathers have seen.

The major objections of the Romans against the Judeo-Christianity were articulated two thousands of years ago by Celsus, Porphyry, and the Emperor Julian. Among the fragments of their writings that survived the Christian book-burning are insights into the issues related to monotheistic beliefs such as

Friends of King Antiochus tried to persuaded him to storm the Jerusalem and to root out the whole nation of the Jews or at least to abrogate their laws and compel them to change their mode of conducting themselves, because they only, of all people, hated to converse with any of another nation, and treated all of them as enemies. They likewise suggested to him that the ancestors of the Jews were driven out of Egypt as impious, hateful, profane and wicked wretches. Those that were thus expelled seated themselves about Jerusalem, and called themselves the nation of the Jews. They made strange laws, entirely different from those of other nations. In their temple they kept the image of Moses, a man with beard carved in stone and sitting on an ass, who built the temple, established the nation, and made legal their strange customs and practices, abounding in hatred and enmity.

Whatever is held sacred by the Romans, with the Jews is profane: and what in other nations is unlawful and impure, with them is fully established.

They have other institutions, in themselves corrupt, impure, and even abominable; but eagerly embraced, as if their very depravity were a recommendation. The scum and refuse of other nations, renouncing the religion of their country, flocked in crowds to Jerusalem, enriching the place with gifts and offerings.

Connected amongst themselves by the most obstinate and inflexible faith, the Jews extend their charity to all of their own persuasion, while towards the rest of mankind they nourish a sullen and inveterate hatred. Strangers are excluded from their tables. Unsociable to all others, they eat and lodge with one another and though addicted to sensuality, they admit no marriage with women from other nations.

That they may know each other by distinctive marks, they have established the practice of circumcision. All who embrace their faith, submit to the same operation.

The first elements of their religion teach their proselytes to transfer their primary allegiance from their ancestors, parents, brothers, children, to the God: