PART I	ETHICAL CANONS CONCERNING WAR
	Chapter  1	About Ethical Canons and War
	Chapter  2	Decisions Precipitating War
	Chapter  3	Human Sacrifice
	Chapter  4	Amiriyah Shelter
	PART II	ETHICAL CANONS CONCERNING EQUALITY
	Chapter  5	Slavery
	Chapter  6	Arens' Atrocity Attribution Theory
	Chapter  7	Genocide of Native Americans
	Chapter  8	Intermarriage
	PART III	ETHICAL CANONS CONCERNING JUSTICE
	Chapter  9	Incarceration
	Chapter 10	Reemergence of Torture
	Chapter 11	Witchcraft Trials
	Chapter 12	Trials of Heretics
	PART IV	ETHICAL CANONS CONCERNING RELIGION
	Chapter 13	The New and Old Testaments
	Chapter 14	Transplanted Mentality
	Chapter 15	God and His Messengers
	PART V	ETHICAL CANONS CONCERNING EMPATHY
	Chapter 16	Karla Tucker and George W. Bush
	Chapter 17	A Girl with the Almond Eyes
	Chapter 18	Beyond Partiality: Building a World of Laughter and Love

Genocide of Native Americans

 The following narrative is by Arthur Barlowe (1584, p.108), describing American Indians.

'We found the people most gentle loving and faithful, void of all guile and treason, and such as lived after the manner of the Golden Age,…, a more kind and loving people there can not be found in the world.'

His description well fits our categories of Eastern cognitive styles: affiliative, personal, understanding, non-discursive. With predominance of the affective-cognitive belief system making one to marry for love, as contrasted with the cognitive-affective system typical of mental calculations prior to bestowing affection on the 'loved one.' Closeness associated with the tactile contact mode. Suspended critical appraisal and present time orientation, acting as limiting factors in carrying hatred 'beyond the grave.'

What are These People?  Could these categories of thought provide us with at least partial explanation of the African slave trade resulting in deaths of millions of people? The near-extermination of the American Indian people? The Jewish Holocaust perpetrated by the Nazis? The Gypsies Holocaust perpetrated by Hungarians, Slovaks, Czechs, Rumanians, and other Europeans during the Second World War? In the American Holocaust (1992, pp. 149-150) David Stannard says that this is

'a question many have asked, many times, during the course of the past millennium. What were those people whose minds and souls so avidly fueled genocide against Africans, Indians, Jews, Gypsies, and other religious, racial, and ethnic groups? What are they who continue such wholesale slaughter still today?'

Elie Wiesel (1985, Vol. 1, p.33) gave an answer to this haunting question with respect to Jewish Holocaust.

'All the killers were Christian. The Nazi system was the consequence of a movement of ideas and followed a strict logic; it did not arise in a void but had its roots deep in a tradition that prophesied it, prepared for it, and brought it to maturity. That tradition was inseparable from the past of Christian, civilized Europe.'

 Sacheen Littlefeather  On March 27, 1973, a young woman took the stage at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, California, to decline Marlon Brando's Best Actor Oscar. She said that Marlon Brando cannot accept this award because of the treatment of American Indians by the film industry and the recent happenings at Wounded Knee.

Marlon Brando (1924-2004)

Marlon Brando In his autobiography Songs my Mother Told Me (1994, pp. 380-402) Marlon Brando, devotes several pages to the genocide of the American Indians, excerpted as follows:

After their lands were stolen from them, the ragged survivors were herded onto reservations and the government sent out missionaries who tried to force the Indians to become Christians. After I became interested in American Indians, I discovered that many people don't even regard them as human beings. It has been that way since the beginning.

Cotton Mather compared them to Satan and called it God's work - and God's will - to
slaughter the heathen savages who stood in the way of Christianity.

As he aimed his howitzers on an encampment of unarmed Indians at Sand Creek, Colorado, in 1864, an army colonel named John Chivington, who had once said that the

lives of Indian children should not be spared because "nits make lice,"

told his officers: "I have come to kill Indians, and believe it is right and honorable to use any means under God's heaven to kill Indians." Hundreds of Indian women,

 children, and old men were slaughtered in the Sand Creek massacre. One officer who was present said later, "Women and children were killed and scalped, children shot at their mother's breasts, and all the bodies mutilated in the most horrible manner. The dead bodies of females were profaned in such a manner that the recital is sickening.

The troopers cut off the vulvas of Indian women, stretched them over their saddle horns, then decorated their hatbands with them; some used the skin of brave's scrotums and the breasts of Indian women as tobacco pouches,

then showed off these trophies, together with the noses and ears of some of the Indians they had massacred, at the Denver Opera House.

David Stannard

American Holocaust  David Stannard in his scholarly American Holocaust (1992, p. 232) writes:

From the earliest days of settlement, British men in the colonies from the Carolinas to New England rarely engaged in sexual relations with the Indians, even during those times when there were few if any English women available. Such encounters were  viewed as a "horrid crime" and legislation was passed that "banished forever" such mixed race couples, referring to their offspring in animalistic terms.

This British attitude can be contrasted with the the contemporary Canadian tongue-in-cheek answer to the question:

-When was the first French - Indian child born?
- Nine months after French landed in Quebec.

 

Holocaust Deniers  The estimates of the number of victims of the American Holocaust differ. However, these differences show remarkable similarity with the controversy surrounding the Holocaust deniers who do not deny that Holocaust occurred, but try to diminish its extent. Thus, for instance, R. J. Rummel in his 1994 book Death by Government estimates the number of victims of the centuries of European colonization as low as 2 million. Among the contemporary holocaust deniers is also Gary North, who in his Political Polytheism (1989, pp. 257-258) asserts:

Liberals have adopted the phrase "native Americans" in recent years. They never, ever say "American natives," since this is only one step away from "American savages," which is precisely what most of those demon-worshipping, land-polluting people were. This was one of the great sins in American life, they say: "the stealing of Indian lands". That a million savages had a legitimate legal claim on the whole of North America north of Mexico is the unstated assumption of such critics. They never ask the most pertinent question:

Was the advent of the Europeans in North America
a righteous historical judgment of God against the Indians? '

Millions

Holocausts  A deluge of words was written on this topic. Hundreds of facets of this issue can be argued, but no amount of words can obscure the glacial reality of the fact that among the countless atrocities of the last centuries, by far the greatest were the genocide of the native Americans (magnitude of this holocaust is estimated by David Stannard in his American Holocaust, 1992, pp. 74-75, p.151) to be 100 million people for the hemisphere and 18 million for the area north of Mexico), deaths associated with the slavery trade  (estimated to be 28 million people, cf., Stannard, p. 151) , and the holocaust of the Jewish people (estimated to be 6 million people). According to 1909 Census, the number of Cherokees was 369,035, Navajo 225,298, Sioux 107,321, Apache 53,330,  Cheyenne 11,809 and Comanche 11,437. In the 1910, the total population of North American Indians was about 400,000, down from about 18 -19 million in 1492.

References

Barlowe, A. (1584) In Quinn, D. B. The Roanoke Voyages: 1584-1590. London: Haklyut Society, 1955.
Brando, M. (1994) Songs My Mother Taught Me. New York: Random House.
North, G. (1989) Political Polytheism: The Myth of Pluralism. Tyler, Tx: Institute for Christian Economics.
Stannard, D. E. (1992) The Conquest of the New World: American Holocaust. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wiesel, E. (1985, Vol. 1, p.33) in Abrahamson, (Ed.) Against Silence: The Voice and Vision of Elie Wiesel. New York: Holocaust Library.